Page 205 - NOVOPAZARSKI ZBORNIK 44-2021

Novopazarski zbornik, 44/2021, str. 203-206 205

sciousness. To effectively implement policies on an international scale, cooperation
and commitments are needed.The majority ofstates recognize the importance and
viability of sustainable development and are willing to make commitments that are
imposed by the FCCC. The commitments are clear, for example,the Annex 1 par-
ties are required to return the levels of GHG emissions to 1990 levels in ten years.
They are expected to provide finances and technology to developing countries in
achieving their reduction in GHG levels. The Conference of the Parties (COP) is a
central institution in charge of the organizational structure of climate policies. COP
has set forth the implementations and promotion of policies to the states. Despite
the promotion and implementation of climate change policies, the states ultimately
decide its outcome. It is the states that must overcome their self-interests to pre-
serve the environment. The tragedy of the commons is the eventual outcome in
case the states pursue their self-interest.
When it comes to governments implementing their environmental poli-
cies,there are four factors that are interrelated and vary from countries and issue
areas. First, systemic obstacles, that are difficulties of effective cooperation among
nations. For example,numerous states’ focus on their independence rather than in-
terdependence, armaments, and self-help. The second issue is procedural obstacles,
where a sovereign nation has a choice to join in resolving their own environmental
issue. Third is the absence of necessary conditions. This factor requires a signifi-
cant interest of states and infinite resources to dedicate itself to the problem at hand.
In addition, there must be a “hospitable contractual environment” where a state is
required to have credible commitment. Lastly, is the obstacle characteristics of in-
ternational environmental issues. The fourth factor focuses on various aspects that
range from scientific complexity and uncertainty, linked economic and political
interests, unequal adjustment costs, extended time horizons, time horizon conflicts,
nonlinear patterns of change, large-number problems, different cost beliefs, to in-
tersecting obstacles.

Bibliography

1. Regina, S. A. (2011). The Global Environment Institutions, Law, and Policies.
“CO Press”
2. Neil, C. (2007). The Politics of the Environment Ideas, Activism, Policy.
“Cambridge University Press”.
3. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf